Dinosaurs of Lost Landmass

 Lost Landmass Of Appalachia

It was 90 million years ago there was two landmasses: Appalachia and Laramidia divided by a sea , later on they will become Utah and Alberta.
A lack of fossils from Appalachia (eastern North America) Made it the ‘lost landmass.’
 
In the Mesozoic Era (252 to 66 million years ago) Appalachia, named for the Appalachian Mountains, was an island land mass separated from Laramidia to the west by the Western Interior Seaway. The seaway eventually shrank, divided across the Dakotas, and retreated towards the Gulf of Mexico and the Hudson Bay. This left the island masses joined in the continent of North America as the Rocky Mountains rose.

The Cenomanian to Maastrichtian of the Late Cretaceous saw the flooding of the interior of North America by the Western Interior Seaway, which created the eastern landmass of Appalachia and the western landmass of Laramidia. Though Appalachian dinosaur faunas are poorly known, they are nevertheless important for understanding Cretaceous dinosaur paleobiogeography and ecology.

 Image : A typical Appalachian Dinosaur Acrocanthosaurus

The landmass of Appalachia harbored a diverse dinosaur fauna from the Aptian to the Maastrichtian stages of the Cretaceous. Data suggest that North American faunas of the Aptian were differentiated at the genus level to an extent, but a distinct east-west division was not present.  At the family level, the biogeographic data compiled from Aptian North American dinosaur faunas suggest that even though genera were different across regions, the same clades were present across the continent. This Aptian North American fauna would therefore have included basal ornithomimosaurs, the carcharodontosaurid Acrocanthosaurus akotensis, dromaeosaurids (especially the taxon Deinonychus), nodosaurids, iguanodontians, basal neoceratopsian dinosaurs, possibly the orodromine dinosaur Zephyrosaurus, and titanosauriform sauropods. Albian-Cenomanian North American faunas include nodosaurids, dromaeosaurids, macronarian sauropods, carcharodontosaurids, and basal hadrosauroids. The absence of therizinosaurs and oviraptorosaurs from eastern North America during this time is considered ambiguous, as a large portion of the Arundel facies theropod material remains to be formally studied. During the Albian, orodromine dinosaurs are no longer found in Appalachian dinosaur faunas , though orodromines and other small ornithopod dinosaurs are known from all three western North American dinosaur faunas from the same time . Nevertheless, western and eastern faunas still share nodosaurids, iguanodontians, and titanosauriformes . The lack of faunal data from the Dakota Formation and Paluxy Formation may have caused the calculation of inflated values for their Simpson similarity index and Jaccard coefficient. Among the better-known western faunas, these values are all fairly high , suggesting relative faunal homogeneity in the western portion of North America.

Appalachian dinosaurs

Acrocanthosaurus	Cretaceous	carnivore	- Large carnivorous carcharodontosaurid found in Maryland.
Ammosaurus	Jurassic	herbivore	- Small herbivorous sauropodomorph found in Connecticut.
Anchisaurus	Jurassic	herbivore	- Small herbivorous sauropodomorph found in Connecticut.
Appalachiosaurus	Cretaceous	carnivore	- Large tyrannosauroid from Alabama.
Arkansaurus	Cretaceous	carnivore	-An indeterminate theropod from Arkansas. Many paleontologists believe it could be related to Ornithomimus.
Astrodon	Cretaceous	herbivore	- Large herbivorous sauropod found in Maryland.
Claosaurus	Cretaceous	herbivore	- A primitive hadrosaur. The only known fossil specimen found got washed into the Western Interior Seaway. It is believed to be from Appalachia because it was found closer to the Appalachia side of the sea and is unknown from Laramidia.
Coelosaurus	Cretaceous	carnivore/omnivore	- May be synonymous with Ornithomimus.
Deinonychus	Cretaceous	carnivore	- A medium-sized raptor found in Maryland.
Diplotomodon	Cretaceous	carnivore	- A dubious name for a species of tyrannosauroid from New Jersey, possibly for Dryptosaurus or a potentially new genus.
Dryptosaurus	Cretaceous	carnivore	- Medium-sized tyrannosauriod from New Jeresy.
Eotrachodon	Cretaceous	herbivore	- A hadrosaur from Alabama known from a nearly complete skeleton.
Hadrosaurus	Cretaceous	herbivore	- First known dinosaur skeleton from the United States. Discovered in 1858 in Haddonfield, New Jersey.
Hypsibema	Cretaceous	herbivore	- Little known hadrosaur first discovered in North Carolina in 1869. Better material of a second species was found in Missouri.
Lophorhothon	Cretaceous	herbivore	- A hadrosaur from Alabama with skull fragments discovered.
Niobrarasaurus	Cretaceous	herbivore	- Another example of a nodosaurid dinosaur from Kansas.
Parrosaurus	Cretaceous	herbivore	- A junior synonym of Hypsibema missouriensis. It is the state dinosaur of Missouri.
Priconodon	Cretaceous	herbivore	- A nodosaur from Maryland found only from fossilized teeth.
Propanoplosaurus	Cretaceous	herbivore	- A nodosaurid dinosaur from Maryland.
Podokesaurus	Jurassic	carnivore	- Small therapod from Connecticut River Valley, may be synonymous with Coelophysis.
Silvisaurus	Cretaceous	herbivore	- A herbivorous nodosaur from the state of Kansas. Similarly to Claosaurus, This specimen found was probably washed into the Western Interior Seaway. It is believed to be from Appalachia because it was found closer to the Appalachia side of the sea.
Tenontosaurus	Cretaceous	herbivore	- A herbivorous iguanodontid whose fossil remains have been discovered in Maryland.
Zephyrosaurus	Cretaceous	herbivore	- A herbivorous hypsilophodontid whose fossil remains have been discovered in Maryland and Virginia.

Reference :
*http://palaeo-electronica.org/content/2018/2123-appalachia-biogeography
*Wikipedia articles #https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appalachia_(Mesozoic)
*https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Appalachian_dinosaurs
 Image credits :Wikimedia commons : Dmitry Bogdanov

Mansourasaurus shahinae - New Species of Titanosaur from Egypt

A New Titanosaur Species discovered in Egypt: Mansourasaurus shahinae.

Mansourasaurus shahinae, was a type of titanosaur-sauropod (long-necked plant-eating) dinosaurs which roamed Earth around 80 million years ago during Cretaceous period. 

Prominent hypotheses advanced over the past two decades have sought to characterize the Late Cretaceous continental vertebrate palaeobiogeography of Gondwanan landmasses, but have proved difficult to test because terrestrial vertebrates from the final ~30 million years of the Mesozoic are extremely rare and fragmentary on continental Africa (including the then-conjoined Arabian Peninsula but excluding the island of Madagascar). Here we describe a new titanosaurian sauropod dinosaur, Mansourasaurus shahinae gen. et sp. nov., from the Upper Cretaceous (Campanian) Quseir Formation of the Dakhla Oasis of the Egyptian Western Desert. Represented by an associated partial skeleton that includes cranial elements, Mansourasaurus is the most completely preserved land-living vertebrate from the post-Cenomanian Cretaceous (~94–66 million years ago) of the African continent. Phylogenetic analyses demonstrate that Mansourasaurus is nested within a clade of penecontemporaneous titanosaurians from southern Europe and eastern Asia, thereby providing the first unambiguous evidence for a post-Cenomanian Cretaceous continental vertebrate clade that inhabited both Africa and Europe. The close relationship of Mansourasaurus to coeval Eurasian titanosaurians indicates that terrestrial vertebrate dispersal occurred between Eurasia and northern Africa after the tectonic separation of the latter from South America ~100 million years ago. These findings counter hypotheses that dinosaur faunas of the African mainland were completely isolated during the post-Cenomanian Cretaceous.

Image credit: Andrew McAfee, Carnegie Museum of Natural History

Ref & abstract credit : https://www.nature.com/articles/s41559-017-0455-5

Caihong juji - newly discovered Jurassic theropod

The newly discovered Jurassic theropod Caihong juji, had a beautiful iridescent coloration .
This new theropod shows an array of bony features, as well as plumage characteristics and putative melanosome morphologies not previously seen in other Paraves, and thus further informs the pattern of character acquisition close to the origin of avian flight.

The Jurassic Yanliao theropods have offered rare glimpses of the early paravian evolution and particularly of bird origins, but, with the exception of the bizarre scansoriopterygids, they have shown similar skeletal and integumentary morphologies. Here we report a distinctive new Yanliao theropod species bearing prominent lacrimal crests, bony ornaments previously known from more basal theropods. It shows longer arm and leg feathers than Anchiornis and tail feathers with asymmetrical vanes forming a tail surface area even larger than that in Archaeopteryx. Nanostructures, interpreted as melanosomes, are morphologically similar to organized, platelet-shaped organelles that produce bright iridescent colours in extant birds. The new species indicates the presence of bony ornaments, feather colour and flight-related features consistent with proposed rapid character evolution and significant diversity in signalling and locomotor strategies near bird origins.

Image credit: Velizar Simeonovski, Field Museum.
Ref  & abstract credit :https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-017-02515-y

Hatzegopteryx where top predators of Cretaceous Romania

A new study of neck biomechanics in Neck biomechanics indicate that giant Transylvanian azhdarchid pterosaurs were short-necked arch predators. 


Azhdarchid pterosaurs include the largest animals to ever take to the skies with some species exceeding 10 metres in wingspan and 220 kg in mass. Associated skeletons show that azhdarchids were long-necked, long-jawed predators that combined a wing planform suited for soaring with limb adaptations indicative of quadrupedal terrestrial foraging. The postcranial proportions of the group have been regarded as uniform overall, irrespective of their overall size, notwithstanding suggestions that minor variation may have been present.

Like all azhdarchid pterosaurs, Hatzegopteryx was probably a terrestrially foraging generalist predator. It is significantly larger than any other terrestrial predator from Maastrichtian Europe; due to its large size in an environment otherwise dominated by island dwarf dinosaurs, with no large hypercarnivorous theropods in the region, it has been suggested that Hatzegopteryx played the role of an apex predator in the Haţeg Island ecosystem. The robust anatomy of Hatzegopteryx suggests that it may have tackled larger prey than other azhdarchids, including animals too large to swallow whole; similarly, some modern storks (particularly the marabou stork and the jabiru) are known to attack and kill large prey such as flamingoes, and occasionally children, with their beaks. Meanwhile, other giant azhdarchids like Arambourgiania would probably have instead fed on small prey (up to the size of a human), including hatchling or small dinosaurs and eggs. Another pterosaur, Thalassodromeus, has similarly been suggested to be raptorial.

Credit: 
*https://peerj.com/articles/2908/
*en.wikipedia.com 
*image - Mark Witton 

Triassic Reptile Had ‘Third Eye’

ഒരു മുതലയുടെ അത്ര മാത്രം വലിപ്പം ഉണ്ടായിരുന്ന ഉരഗം ആണ് ട്രൈഒപ്റ്റിക്കസ് , പേര് സൂചിപ്പിക്കുന്ന പോലെ തന്നെ ഇവയുടെ തലയോട്ടിയിൽ കണ്ണ് കുഴിയോട് സാമ്യം ഉള്ള ഒരു ദ്വാരം പാലിയെന്റോളോജിസ്റ്റുകൾ കണ്ടെത്തി .

Paleontologists have described a completely unexpected new species of reptile that lived 230 million years ago (Triassic period).

The ancient reptile has been given the official name Triopticus primus, which means ‘the first of three eyes.’
“From the Latin ‘tri’ (three) and ‘optic’ (vision) for the large opening in the skull roof, resembling a third eye socket. The specific name is from the Latin ‘primus’ (first),” the paleontologists explained.

കൂടുതൽ വായനക്ക് 
http://www.cell.com/current-biology/abstract/S0960-9822(16)30860-0 

Psittacosaurus Used Camouflage, New findings

3D Camouflage in an Ornithischian Dinosaur

Countershading was one of the first proposed mechanisms of camouflage . A dark dorsum and light ventrum counteract the gradient created by illumination from above, obliterating cues to 3D shape . Because the optimal countershading varies strongly with light environment , pigmentation patterns give clues to an animal’s habitat. Indeed, comparative evidence from ungulates shows that interspecific variation in countershading matches predictions: in open habitats, where direct overhead sunshine dominates, a sharp dark-light color transition high up the body is evident; in closed habitats (e.g., under forest canopy), diffuse illumination dominates and a smoother dorsoventral gradation is found. We can apply this approach to extinct animals in which the preservation of fossil melanin allows reconstruction of coloration . Here we present a study of an exceptionally well-preserved specimen of Psittacosaurus sp. from the Chinese Jehol biota . This Psittacosaurus was countershaded with a light underbelly and tail, whereas the chest was more pigmented. Other patterns resemble disruptive camouflage, whereas the chin and jugal bosses on the face appear dark. We projected the color patterns onto an anatomically accurate life-size model in order to assess their function experimentally. The patterns are compared to the predicted optimal countershading from the measured radiance patterns generated on an identical uniform gray model in direct versus diffuse illumination. These studies suggest that Psittacosaurus sp. inhabited a closed habitat such as a forest with a relatively dense canopy.

• •Preserved pigments in the dinosaur Psittacosaurus suggest countershading camouflage
• •We predicted the optimal countershading camouflage for different light environments
• •The dinosaur’s patterns would have been cryptic in a forest, but not open, habitat
• •We can also infer that dinosaur predators used shape-from-shading cues to detect prey

 Model of Psittacosaurus sp. based on skin and pigmentation patterns (specimen from the Senckenberg Museum, Germany). Image credit: Jakob Vinther et al.


Close examination of melanosomes preserved in the specimen of Psittacosaurus preserved with integument indicated that the animal was countershaded, likely due to preferring a habitat in dense forests with little light, much like many modern species of forest-dwelling deer and antelope; stripes and spots on the limbs may represent disruptive coloration. The specimen also had dense clusters of pigment on its shoulders, face (possibly for display), and cloaca (which may have had an antimicrobial function), as well as large patagia on its hind legs that connected to the base of the tail. Its large eyes indicate that it also likely had good vision, which would have been useful in finding food or avoiding predators. The authors were unable to determine which species of Jehol Formation Psittacosaurus the specimen belonged to due to the way the skull is preserved, but ruled out P. mongoliensis, based on hip features.

Credit: 
*cell.com  
*en.wikipedia.com 
* Jakob Vinther et al. 2016. 3D Camouflage in an Ornithischian Dinosaur. Current Biology 26: 1-7; doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2016.06.065

Spinosaurus aegyptiacus

Spinosaurus (meaning "spine lizard") is a genus of theropod dinosaur that lived in what now is North Africa, during the lower Albian to lower Cenomanian stages of the Cretaceous period, about 112 to 97 million years ago. This genus was known first from Egyptian remains discovered in 1912 and described by German paleontologist Ernst Stromer in 1915. The original remains were destroyed in World War II, but additional material has come to light in recent years. It is unclear whether one or two species are represented in the fossils reported in the scientific literature. The best known species is S. aegyptiacus from Egypt, although a potential second species, S. maroccanus, has been recovered from Morocco.


Spinosaurus was among the largest of all known carnivorous dinosaurs, possibly larger than Tyrannosaurus and Giganotosaurus. Estimates published in 2005, 2007, and 2008 suggested that it was between 12.6–18 metres (41–59 ft) in length and 7 to 20.9 tonnes (7.7 to 23.0 short tons) in weight.^[1][2][3] A new estimate published in 2014 and based on a more complete specimen, supported the earlier research, finding that Spinosaurus could reach lengths greater than 15 m (49 ft).^[4] The skull of Spinosaurus was long and narrow, similar to that of a modern crocodilian. Spinosaurus is known to have eaten fish, and most scientists believe that it hunted both terrestrial and aquatic prey; evidence suggests that it lived both on land and in water as a modern crocodilian does. The distinctive spines of Spinosaurus, which were long extensions of the vertebrae, grew to at least 1.65 meters (5.4 ft) long and were likely to have had skin connecting them, forming a sail-like structure, although some authors have suggested that the spines were covered in fat and formed a hump. Multiple functions have been put forward for this structure, including thermoregulation and display.

content credit en.wikipedia.
image credit : Durbed @commons.wikimedia